AP Language and Composition—Essential Terms


Modes of Rhetoric

  1. Expository
    1. Classification
    2. Cause/Effect
    3. Comparison/Contrast
    4. Definition
    5. Analysis
  2. Description
  3. Narration
  4. Persuasion/Argument

Genres

  1. Allegory
  2. Autobiography
  3. Biography
  4. Chronicle
  5. Diary
  6. Essay
  7. Fiction/Non-fiction
  8. Parody
  9. Prose
  10. Satire
  11. Sermon
  12. Stream of Consciousness

Figures of Speech

  1. Analogy
  2. Apostrophe
  3. Cliché
  4. Conceit
  5. Epithet
  6. Euphemism
  7. Hyperbole
  8. Imagery
  9. Irony
    1. Verbal
    2. Situation
  10. Metaphor
    1. Extended
  11. Metonymy
  12. Oxymoron
  13. Paradox
  14. Personification
  15. Pun
  16. Simile
  17. Synaesthesia
  18. Synecdoche
  19. Understatement

 

Sound Devices

  1. Alliteration
  2. Onomatopoeia

 

Diction

  1. Connotation vs. Denotation
  2. Pedantic vs. Simple
  3. Monosyllabic vs. Polysyllabic
  4. Euphonious vs. Cacophonic
  5. Literal vs. Figurative
  6. Active vs. Passive
  7. Overstated vs. Understated
  8. Colloquial vs. Formal
  9. Non-standard
    1. Slang
    2. Jargon

 

Other/Literature/Rhetorical Terms

  1. Allusion
  2. Ambiguity
  3. Anachronism
  4. Aphorism
  5. Audience
  6. Invective
  7. Juxtaposition
  8. Malapropism
  9. Rhetorical Question
  10. Sensory Detail
  11. Shifts
  12. Tone
  13. Point of View
  14. Style
  15. Theme-Thesis
  16. Voice 

Rhetorical Strategies:

Argument/Persuasion Terms

  1. Persuasion
  2. Argument
  3. Appeals
    1. Emotion (Pathos)
    2. Ethical (Ethos)
    3. Rational (Logos)
  4. Claim
  5. Deductive Reasoning
    1. Syllogism
  6. Inductive Reasoning
  7. Evidence/Data
  8. Pathos
  9. Warrant
  10. Logical Fallacies
    1. Ad Hominem Argument
    2. Begging the Question
    3. Doubtful Authority
    4. Either/Or Reasoning
    5. False Analogy
    6. Hasty Generalization
    7. Non-Sequitar
    8. Oversimplification

 

Syntax—Sentence Structure

  1. Order
    1. Basic
    2. Interrupted
    3. Inverted
    4. Listing
    5. Cumulative/Loose
    6. Parallelism

                                                              i.      Balance

                                                            ii.      Antithesis

                                                          iii.      Chiasmus

    1. Periodic

  1. Sentence Types—Purpose
    1. Declarative
    2. Imperative
    3. Exclamatory
    4. Interrogative

  1. Sentence Types—Structure
    1. Simple
    2. Compound
    3. Complex
    4. Compound-Complex

    D.  Omission

    1. Ellipsis
    2. Asyndeton

  1. Addition/Repetition for Effect
    1. Anadiplosis
    2. Anaphora
    3. Epistrophe
    4. Punctuation

                                                              i.      Parenthetical Aside

                                                            ii.      Dashes

                                                          iii.      Colon

                                                          iv.      Semi-colon

    1. Polysyndeton